Gastrointestinal Review

Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: Tumors of the pancreas that cause upper GI inflammation. The tumors secrete gastrin causing high levels of stomach acid.

Wilson’s disease: High levels of copper in various tissues throughout the body. (Genetically linked- Autosomal recessive). Kayser-Fleisher Rings in the eye (bluish rings aound the iris)

Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas

Pancreatic Cancer: cancer of the pancreas. Higher rates in men.

Hepatitis A: Viral infection that causes liver swelling.

Hepatitis B: Sexually transmitted disease, also transmitted with body fluids and some individual may be symptom free but still be carriers.

Hepatitis C: An inflammation of the liver caused by infection with the hepatitis C virus.

Gastritis: can be caused by various sources (bacteria, viruses, bile reflux or autoimmune diseases). Inflammation of the stomach lining.

Ulcers

Peptic Ulcers -ulcer in the duodenum or stomach

Gastric Ulcers - ulcer in the stomach (pain 30 to 60 minutes after a meal)

Duodenum Ulcer -ulcer in the duodenum (pain 30 to 60 minutes after a meal)

Bacteria: Helicobacter pylori- often associated with ulcer formation.

Diverticulitis – abnormal pouch formation that becomes inflamed in the intestinal wall.

Intestinal obstruction: Can a paralytic ileus/false obstruction (children) or a mechanical obstruction:

Carcinoid Syndrome: symptoms caused by carcinoid tumors. Linked to increased secretion of Serotonin.

Hiatal Hernia: Stomach sticks into the chest through the diaphragm. Can cause reflux symptoms.

(GERD) -Gastroesophageal reflux disease, a disorder in which there is recurrent return of stomach contents back up into the esophagus, frequently causing heartburn, a symptom of irritation of the esophagus by stomach acid.

Ulcerative colitis: chronic inflammation of the rectum and large intestine.

Tumor Review

Primary Tumors

Neuromas -80-90% of brain tumors, named for what part of nerve cell affected.

Meningiomas - outside of arachnoidal tissue, usually benign and slow growing

Glioblastoma Multiform -50% of all primary tumors, linked to specific genetic mutations

Secondary Tumors - Metastatic carcinomas

Scale –degree of anaplasia: differentiation of mature (good) vs. immature cells (bad)

Grade I: up to 25% anaplasia

Grade II: 26-50% anaplasia

Grade III: 51-75% anaplasia

Grade IV: 76-100% anaplasia

Primary Tumor Effect:

1. Headaches
2. Vomiting
3. Seizures
4. Neurological problems
5. Dementia
6. Drowsiness

Secondary Tumor Effect:

1. Direct compression/necrosis
2. Herniation of brain tissue
3. Increase ICP

Noteworthy Tumor Markers

1. AFP

2. Alkaline phosphatase

3. β-hCG

4. CA-125

5. PSA

Basal cell carcinoma: a slow-growing form of skin cancer. Basal cell carcinoma is a type of non-melanoma skin cancer, and is the most common form of cancer in the United States

Chondrosarcoma: A malignant tumor that forms in cartilage cells (chondroplasts) and that produces cartilage matrix. Primary chondrosarcoma forms in bone and is found in children.

Ewing’s sarcoma: Ewing's sarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) bone tumor that affects children.

Giant cell tumor: A type of bone tumor characterized by massive destruction of bone near the end (epiphysis) of a long bone.

Melanoma: Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer. It involves the cells that produce the skin pigment melanin. Melanin is responsible for skin and hair color. Melanoma can also involve the colored part of the eye.

Meningioma: A common type of slow growing, usually benign brain tumor that arises from the dura, one of the meninges, the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord. A meningioma may occur wherever there is dura but the most common sites are over the cerebral hemispheres of the brain.

Oligodendroglioma: A rare slow-growing type of brain tumor that begins in cells called oligodendrocytes, which provide support and nourishment for cells that transmit nerve impulses.

Pituitary ademona: : A benign tumor of the pituitary, the master gland that controls other glands and influences numerous body functions including growth. Although the tumor itself is not cancerous, it may affect pituitary function, and therefore may need to be removed.

Schwannoma: A tumor of the peripheral nervous system that arises in the nerve sheath (protective covering). It is almost always benign, but rare malignant schwannomas have been reported.

Squamous cell carcinoma: Squamous cell skin cancer is a type of tumor that affects the middle layer of the skin. Most skin cancers occur on skin that is regularly exposed to sunlight or other ultraviolet radiation.

Leukemia Review

ALL- acute lymphocytic leukemia is a fast-growing cancer in which the body produces a large number of immature white blood cells (lymphocytes). These cells can be found in the blood, bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and other organs. Most cases occur in children between ages 3 and 7.

AML- acute myelocytic leukemia is cancer that starts inside bone marrow, the soft tissue inside bones that helps form blood cells. The cancer grows from cells that would normally turn into white blood cells. It generally occurs around age 65.

CLL- chronic lymphocytic leukemia causes a slow increase in the number of B lymphocytes in the bone marrow. The cancerous cells spread from the blood marrow to the blood, and can also affect the lymph nodes and other organs. CLL causes the bone marrow to fail and weakens the immune system.

CML- chronic myeloid leukemia is a slowly progressing disease in which too many white blood cells (not lymphocytes) are made in the bone marrow.

Pediatric Condition

Wilm’s tumor: kidney tumor found in children. Cause: unknown/possible genetic link. Tumor will spread to other regions. Sometimes children will be born with aniridia. Do not exert pressure over the abdomen.

Neuroblastoma: tumor in children that starts from nervous tissue. Capable of spreading rapidly. Cause unknown.

Cerebral palsy: Cerebrum injury causing multiple nerve function deficits.

Croup: trouble breathing in infants and children that can be caused by bacteria, viruses, allergies or foreign objects. Primarily, caused by viruses.

Kawasaki disease: a disease that affects young children primarily. Unknown origin probable autoimmune disease. Attacks the heart, blood vessels, and lymph nodes. Strawberry tongue

Pyloric stenosis: a narrowing of the opening between the intestine and stomach. Most common in infants. May have genetic factors

Vaccinations

Attenuated – Varicella, MMR

Inactivated – Influenza

Toxoid – Tetanus/Diptheria

Biosynthetic – Hib conjugate vaccine

Tetralogy of Fallot- 4 heart defects that are congenital. Poorly oxygenated blood is pumped to the body’s tissues.

4 factors:

Right ventricular hypertrophy

Ventricular septal defect

Aorta from both ventricles

Stenosis of the pulmonic outflow tract

Atrial septal defect- congenital opening between the atria.

Ventricular septal defect- opening between the ventricles of the heart.

Patent ductus arteriosus: open blood vessel (ductus ateriosus) that does not close after birth.

Aortic coarctation: aorta becomes narrow at some point due to a birth defect